Cross-examination is the questioning of a witness by the opposing side after direct examination. In plain language, it is the chance to test the witness’s accuracy, memory, consistency, bias, or limits.
Why It Matters
The term matters because cross-examination is one of the main tools for challenging testimony. It can expose uncertainty, missing facts, exaggeration, or contradictions and may strongly affect how much weight the fact-finder gives the witness.
Where It Appears
The term appears in trials, evidentiary hearings, administrative proceedings, witness-preparation materials, and appeals claiming improper limits on questioning.
Practical Example
After an eyewitness says on direct examination that the defendant ran a red light, defense counsel questions the witness about lighting, distance, and whether the witness was distracted at the time. That is cross-examination.
How It Differs From Nearby Terms
- Direct examination is conducted by the side that called the witness.
- Impeachment may occur during cross-examination, but the two are not identical.
- Objection is the procedural tool used to challenge improper questions or answers.
Related Terms
Knowledge Check
- When does cross-examination usually happen? After the witness has testified on direct examination.
- Is every difficult question on cross-examination impeachment? No. Cross-examination is broader and can test facts even without a direct attack on credibility.